PLACES OF INTEREST

KALYAN.

Kalya'n, north latitude 19°14' and east longitude 73°12', the chief town and port in the Kalyan sub-division, lies at the junction of the north-east and south-east lines of the Peninsula railway thirty-three miles north-east of Bombay. It stands prettily on the outer or east side of a deep bend in the Ulhas river. The fort mound, which is notable from the railway about a mile to the west of Kalyan station, has a fine view north up the river with a background of low hills, west along the Ulhas valley green with trees and salt-swamp bushes to the line of the Persik hills, and, to the south across the trees of Kalyan and a broad level stretch of rice lands to the picturesque rugged crests of Malanggad, Tavli, and Chanderi. With some open tilled lands and gardens dotted with shops and houses, the town stretches from the railway station about two miles north-west to the bank of the creek. Most of it is thickly peopled with narrow streets lined with good two-storied houses. It is a busy prosperous town and much is done to keep it clean and tidy.

The 1881 census returns show a population of 12,767, of whom 9905 were Hindus, 2533 Musalmans, 249 Parsis, 63 Christians, and 17 Jews. The bulk of the Hindus are Kunbis and Marathas. Most of the Parsis, some of whom are old settlers, are well-to-do, living as liquor-contractors, rice and cocoanut dealers, and two or three as moneylenders.

Kalyan has a large rice-husking trade which is carried on by about 200 Musalmans, a few Parsis, and some Marathas. The unhusked rice is brought from Karjat, Shahapur, Murbad, and Kalyan. After being ground by women in the ordinary stone handmill, the outer husks are removed by winnowing, and the rice passed through a sieve and broken and uncleaned grains picked out. To remove the inner husk the rice is then put in wooden mortars, like huge egg cups, and pounded with iron-bound pestles. This pounding is called sad. The cheapest rice which is pounded once for about half an hour is called eksadi, medium rice pounded twice for an hour is called dusadi, and the dearest rice, which is pounded a third time or for about an hour and a half, is called kalhai. After each pounding the grain is winnowed and the broken grains picked out. Rice cleaning gives work to about 2000 persons, of whom about half are women. Most of the cleaned rice goes to Bombay.

There is a considerable trade in salt which comes from Rai-Murdha, Bassein, and Uran, and is sent to the Deccan, some on bullock-back but most by rail. The salt dealers are Musalmans. Three or four Meman Musalmans bring dried fish from Bassein and Uttan-Gorai in Salsette by boat, and send it to the Deccan, some of it on bullock-back but most of it by rail. Large quantities of myrobalans come by pack bullocks from Poona and Ahmadnagar by the Kusur, Bhimashankar, Nana, and Malsej passes, and are sent by boat to Bombay. Two Hindu merchants do a large business in tobacco which is brought from Cambay for local use.

The railway returns show a rise in passengers from 294,569 in 1870 to 394,975 in 1880, and a fall in goods from 37,485 tons in 1870 to 22,177 in 1880. The fall in goods is due to salt being sent from Bhayndar on the Baroda railway direct to up-country stations. In 1880 the Kalyan customs house returns showed imports worth £130,392 and exports worth £115,027. The chief imports were salt and country liquor, and the leading export was rice. [The details are: Imports, salt £105,166 (Rs. 10,51,660), country liquor £13,515 (Rs. 1,35,150), dried fish £8294 (Rs. 82,940), cocoanuts £3139 (Rs. 31,390), and lime £277 (Rs. 2770). Other smaller imports were spices, paper, sugar, dyes, fruits, vegetables, oil, and metals. Of exports the chief were: Rice £105,225 (Rs. 10,52,250), bricks and tiles £4203 (Rs. 42,030), grass £2232 (Rs. 22,320), husked rice £1447 (Rs. 14,470), firewood £976 (Rs. 9760), and moha flowers £943 (Rs. 9430). Other smaller exports were mill stones, dyes, wheat, and wood.] The corresponding returns for the five years ending 1878-79 show exports averaging £167,148 and imports averaging £144,615. Exports varied from £149,784 in 1876-77 to £204,091 in 1874-75, and imports from £63,528 in 1878-79 to £184,516 in 1877-78.[The details are: Exports, 1874-75 £204,091 (Rs. 20,40,910), 1875-76 £152,016 (Rs. 15,20,160), 1876-77 £149,784 (Rs. 14,97,840), 1877-78 £151,190 (Rs. 15,11,900), 1878-79 £178,660 (Rs. 17,86,600); Imports, 1874-75 £153,892 (Rs. 15,38,920), 1875-76 £167,608 (Rs. 16,76,080) 1876-77 £153,531 (Rs. 15,35,310), 1877-78 £184,516 (Rs. 18,45,160), and 1878-79 £63,528 (Rs. 6,35,280).] The road now being made to the Malsej pass is expected to add considerably to the trade of Kalyan.

The town has a sub-judge's court, a post office, a dispensary, and a district bungalow recently built. It is also the head-quarter station of the chief revenue and police officers of the sub-division. There are five schools, four for boys and one for girls. Kalyan has been a municipal town since 1853. In 1880-81, it had an income of £1110 (Rs. 11,100) equal to a taxation of 1s. 9d. (14 as.) a head, drawn chiefly from octroi, house tax, tolls, and market fees. During the same year the expenditure was £1187 (Rs. 11,870), £307 (Rs. 3079) on roads, £300 (Rs. 3000) on scavenging, and £163 (Rs. 1630) on lighting. The Rukminibai dispensary, called after Lady Mangaldas Nathubhai, is a handsome building a mile from the town but very notable to railway travellers. The dispensary building cost Sir Mangaldas £5000 (Rs. 50,000), and the institution has been endowed by him with a further sum of £2000 (Rs. 20,000). It is in charge of an assistant surgeon, and, in 1880-81, had an attendance of 5634 out-patients and 49 in-patients.

Before the Musalmans took Kalyan, the site of the town, which was called Navanagar, lay to the east of the railway station, a little beyond the new district bungalow. The present town occupies the lands of Kalyan village. It has eleven chief wards, Bangalpura, Bhoivada, Telangpura, Chimbharvada, Mangvada, Kumbharvada, Malivada, Kasarali, Bhusar Moholla, Kolivada, and Konkani Bazar. There are five metalled roads and nineteen lanes with a total length of about six miles. There is a good ferry over the Ulhas to Kone on the opposite bank. From Kone an excellent metalled road runs five miles to Bhiwndi. During the past year seventeen pony carts, of the Nasik pattern, have been run, and as they do the five miles in little more than half an hour they have almost entirely taken the place of the old bullock carts.

In the town and suburb are 2400 houses, of which 212 are assessed as first class, 278 as second, 376 as third, 386 as fourth, and 1148 as fifth. In the bazar is the municipal vegetable market, which was built in 1874 at a cost of £764 (Rs. 7640) and brings in a yearly income of £50 (Rs. 500) in fees.

There are 353 wells and eight small reservoirs, [They are Bhatala near the fort; Adhar, Rahatai and Rojale on the north; Dandesar on the camp road; Davinje on the south; and Lendale and Ghodale in the town.] of which eighty wells and three reservoirs hold water throughout the year. The water of most of the wells and reservoirs is brackish and impure, and is little used except for watering cattle and washing clothes. Almost the whole supply of drinking water comes from the Shenala lake about a quarter of a mile to the east of the town. This lake, which covers about twenty-four acres and varies in depth from six to fourteen feet, has its sides lined throughout with basalt masonry. According to the local story the pool has long been sacred, but the masonry belongs to Musalman times (A.D. 1506).[The name is traced to a bird called shen, whose feathers shone like gold after bathing in the pool.] On the east bank is the handsome tomb of Mohatabar Khan, at the southwest corner is the large Black or Kali Mosque, and, close by, is the tomb of an ascetic named Sahajanand. On the west bank are four temples one to Rameshvar, one to Ganpati, and two to Ramji. From this west bank between the Black Mosque and the Hindu temples a masonry tunnel, said to be large enough for a man to walk upright in, carries the water sixty yards to four cisterns, or usasas. The furthest and largest cistern is nineteen feet square and twenty deep. From the side of the cistern opposite the tunnel three nine-inch earthenware pipes, placed one below the other about three feet apart, carry the water to three deep wells, one in Kumbharvada, one in Malivada, and one opposite the house of Sar-subhedar Ramaji Mahadev Bhivalkar, who is believed to have made the water works when governor of the north Konkan under the Peshwas (1760-1772). From Ramaji's well the water passes to a large brick reservoir 190 feet by 180, with a flight of stone steps on the west side that leads twenty feet down to the water level.

Fortifications.

Under the Musalmans the city of Kalyan was surrounded by a stone wall begun by Nawab Mohatabar Khan, the minister of Shah Jahan (1628-1658), and completed in A.D. 1694 (A.H. 1106) [The inscription is lost. It ran, ' On the completion of this famous town wall the messenger of God said: "It was a shelter for the world." This gives the date A.H. 1106' (A.D. 1694).] during the reign of Aurangzeb. It had eleven towers and four gates, and enclosed an area of seventy acres. At the north-east corner of this area, on high ground on the river bank, was a fort nearly cut off from the city by a natural hollow, and, latterly, by a semicircular stone wall enclosing a space about 200 feet long by a little less in breadth. [The wall was built by Shivaji's grandson Shahu (1708-1749) from a quarry in the river bed to the west of the citadel mound. There was a fine fort as early as 1570. See below p. 120.] In the north-west corner of the fort, on a mound about thirty feet above the level of the old wall, were a Musalman tomb, prayer place, and other buildings.

In the city wall, which was 2123 yards long, there were four gates and eleven towers, four of which were large and the rest small. Of the four main towers one was in the north-east corner, another in the middle of the east wall, the third in the south-east corner, and the fourth close to the landing place. Of the four gates the Adhar gate called after the village of Adhar about half a mile to the north, wall near the middle of the north wall; the Ganesh gate, about 400 yards distant, was near the middle of the east wall; [The Ganesh gate is also called Jalela Darvaja, as it was burnt by the English in their first campaign (1780). Until lately, every Dasra (September-October) the Hindus subscribed for a buffalo and cut it to pieces in honour of Devi, burying its head close to the Ganesh gate.] the Panvel gate, about 700 yards distant, was near the middle of the south wall; and the Bandar or wharf gate, about 330 yards distant, was in the centre of the west wall. The hollow between the fort and the town was separated from the creek at each end by a belt of slightly raised ground. The wall of the fort ran along the top of the inner bank of the ditch, and, near the north end, had a gateway known as the Delhi or Killacha Darvaja, which was entered by a path that crossed the ditch along the top of the north side of the town wall. Inside of the fort there was a low belt of ground, about the same level as the top of the ditch, with a shallow pond not far from the Delhi gate. In the north-west corner the fort rose in a small flat-topped mound about thirty feet high. On the top of the mound, on the west crest which overhangs and is about 100 feet above the river, is the Prayer Wall or Idga, sixty-four feetlong, thirteen high, and seven thick, and near the east crest of the mound a mosque, twenty-two feet long, twenty-two high, and twenty broad. About thirty yards from the mosque is a round cut stone well of great depth, eleven feet in diameter, with a wall two feet seven inches thick at the top. Under the Marathas (1760-1772), a new gate about 160 feet to the south of the Ganesh gate, was opened near the mansion of Ramaji Mahadev Bhivalkar, the Peshwa's governor. In the citadel the Marathas built a small wooden temple of Durgadevi behind the mosque, and called the fort Durgadi Killa in honour of the goddess, a name which it still bears. They also changed the Jama mosque into Ramji's temple. At the beginning of British rule (1818) the town wall was in repair. The fort, which was not commanded by any other ground and was nearly insular, measured 220 feet in length by somewhat less in breadth. The general height of the works on the outside was twenty-two feet by about eleven broad. There was a wretched dwarf parapet wall, little better than a heap of loose stones, and round towers partly in ruin with facing or revetment, in too bad repair to last long. The gate was perhaps the best part of the fort. It was well protected by outstanding works, and its roof and a gallery behind furnished quarters for the guard. There were two fair buildings in the fort and a temple. [Captain Dickinson.]

Under the English the east and south town walls were pulled down in 1865, and a road was run along their line. The west wall and the fort wall were taken to build the Kalyan and Thana piers and a dwelling for the customs' inspector in the west of the Kalyan fort. At present there are, on the mound at the north-west corner of the fort, the prayer-place and the mosque-temple, which has ceased to be a place of worship, since 1876 when the image of the goddess was stolen. There is the customs officer's dwelling a little lower on the south face, and, near the mosque-temple, the well dry and partly filled with earth and stones. Below there are no buildings. The gate to the north-east is almost the only trace of the fort wall. The ditch, which is about twenty feet deep and thirty-three feet broad, dries up in May. It is separated at the two ends from the creek by a belt of higher ground. About twenty-two yards to the south of the fort gate, the creek is crossed by a wall about ten feet high and eight broad. This wall is part of the outer or town wall which begins near the Delhi gate, and, after crossing the creek, runs about 1000 feet east up to the Adhar gate. This part of the wall is well preserved. It is of rough stone masonry lined with rough cement about ten feet high and eight feet broad, of which the two outer feet are taken up by a parapet wall about four feet high pierced for muskets. At the edge of the ditch is a small tower and there are the ruins of another tower at the north-east corner. From the north-east tower the line runs 130 yards south to where the east or Ganesh gate used to stand: from the Ganesh gate 115 yards further to an old tower, the shell still fairly complete measuring twenty-eight feet in diameter and twenty high, and from the tower sixty yards to Ramaji Bhivalkar's gate, whose mansion is a little inside. From this gate the line runs 200 yards to the site of another tower, and from it about 140 yards further to a tower whose foundations remain. Here the line turns south, and, passing the sites of three towers, runs about 330 yards to the Panvel gate. From the Panvel gate, passing the site of another tower, the line runs about 130 yards to a tower in the south-west corner whose foundations remain. From here, passing a white Christian tomb, it runs about 400 yards to the Bandar gate, near which, about ten yards to the north, is a ruined tower with a broken wall about five feet high. Along the west of the town is a landing-place of stone steps, built by private subscriptions about 1870, from the stones of the fort wall and the west city wall. The large white Christian tomb, close to the landing-place, is without an inscription. It is said to have borne the date 1795, and is believed to have been raised in honour of Captain Richard Campbell, who held the fort of Kal an against the Marathas in 1780.

Somewhere across the river the Portuguese, in the sixteenth century, built a bastion called Belgrado or Santa Cruz, to prevent the Musalmans from passing into Salsette. In 1634 this bastion was described as a wall and a platform, which at high tide looked like an island having two iron and one brass falcons, garrisoned by eight soldiers and one bombardier all paid from Bassein. [O'Chron. de Tis. III. 258. The falcon was a gun carrying a ball of four pounds.] Mention is made of a Portuguese church to N. S. do Egypto on the creek near Kalyan, but no trace of it remains. [Da Cunha's Bassein, 193.]

Of thirty-one Hindu temples in Kalyan, one is Jain and thirty Brahmanic. Of the thirty Brahmanic temples, three are dedicated to Shiv, eleven to Vishnu, and sixteen to local or early deities. [Among the temples to local and early deities are five to Ganpati, five to Devi, two of them to Shitladevi or the small-pox goddess, two to Vithoba, one to Maruti, and one to Sahajanand.] None of these temples date from before the arrival of the Musalmans (1300). Of the whole number sixteen were built under the Peshwas, and fifteen since the introduction of British rule. Of a yearly endowment of about £108 (Rs. 1085), £34 (Rs. 340) are granted by the state and £74 (Rs. 745) are private gifts. The chief temples are Ramchandra's on the Shenale lake, Ramji's and Mahadev's near the mamlatdar's office, and Devi's and Trivikram's on the station road. [The thirty temples in Kalyan are, Shri Mahalakshmi's built by Pimpalkhare, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 29; Trivikram's built by Mehandole, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 37; Shri Ramji's built by Karlekar, endowed with 36 13/40 acres of land assessed at Rs. 36-13-0, of which Rs. 4-10-0 is paid as quit-rent; Kashivishveshvar's with a yearly allowance of Rs. 31; Ganpati's built by Lela, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 35; another temple of Ganpati built by Gokhla, endowed with 3 19/40 acres of land assessed at Rs. 14-14-6, of which Re. 1-14-0 is paid as quit-rent; Mote Thakurdvar's built by Joshis, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 35 in cash and 4 34/40 acres in land assessed at Rs. 17-9-0, of which Rs. 2-3-0 is paid as quit-rent; Siddheshvar's built by Mehandole, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 15; Rameshvar's built by Ramaji Mahadev Bhivalkar, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 57 in cash and 1 39/40ths of an acre in land assessed at Rs. 6-1-6, of which 12 as. are paid as quit-rent; Ganpati's temple built by Raman Mahadev Bhivalkar, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 5; Sahajanand's built by Lakshman Sheth Mumbaikar, endowed with 14/40ths of an acre of land assessed at 1½ annas, of which one pie is paid as quit-rent; Maruti's temple built by Phadnis, with an allowance of Rs. 4 in cash and 3³⁶/40 acres of land assessed at Rs. 12-4-6, of which Re. 1-9-0 is paid as quit-rent; Gramdevi's temple built in the time of the Peshwas, with a yearly allowance of Rs. 10 in cash and ³⁷/40ths of an acre of land assessed at Rs. 3-8-6, of which 7 as. are paid as quit-rent; Lakshmi Narayan Thakurdvar's, belonging to and built by Vanis, has no allowance; the Savkar's temple of Vithoba has no allowance; Lakshmi Narayan's built by Patankar has no allowance; the Sonar's Thakurdvar has no allowance; the Kasar's Thakurdvar has no allowance; Ramji's Thakurdvar, built by Siddeshvar Vinayak Pimpalkhare, has no allowance; Kirkire's Ganpati, built by the Kirkires, has no allowance; Data's temple, built by Upada, has no allowance; Kirkire's Thakurdvar, built by the Kirkires, has no allowance; two Ramji's temples, one built by Muni Bava and the other by Gopaldas Bava, have no allowance; Shitladevi near Maruti's temple, built by potters, has no allowance; Jari Mari's temple built by the townspeople, has no allowance; Ganpati's temple by Wasudev Mahadev Parbhu, has no allowance; Vithoba's temple built by the Parbhus, has no allowance; Balaji's temple built by Patvardhan, has no allowance; Devi's temple built by Thange, has no allowance; Shitladevi in Kumbharvada, built by the Kumbhars, has no allowance.]

Of Musalman remains there are the Shenale lake, said to have been built in 1505, the tomb of Mohatabar Khan the minister of Shah Jahan, who was sent in disgrace to Kalyan when (1658) Aurangzeb usurped his father's throne, and twelve mosques of which seven are in use and five are in ruins. [The names of the seven mosques in use are, Jama, Mit Bandar, Pavge, Kharkandi, Chimakhar, Chaudri, and Kali; the ruined mosques are on the Davinge reservoir, on the Shenale lake road, on the Rosale reservoir, on the Adhar reservoir, and in the citadel.] Of these buildings the most interesting are Mohatabar Khan's tomb on the east bank of the Shenale lake with the inscription ' Enter Heaven,' which gives 1108, that is A.D. 1694, and on the south-west corner of the same lake the graceful Kali Masjid or Black Mosque with the inscription, 'The result of the liberality of Syed,' which gives 1054, that is A.D. 1643.

The Parsis, who have long been settled in Kalyan have, about three miles north of the town, a Tower of Silence now in use. It was built in 1790 by Navajbai widow of Nasarvanji Dadabhai Modi. A few yards from this tower are the foundations of an old tower, which, as it is made of brick, was probably built before 1553.[In India, before 1533, no Towers of Silence were built of stone. In that year, in consequence of a reference to Persia,the practice of building brick towers ceased.] In the Parsi quarter of the town is a fire temple built in 1788 by Edalji Byramji. From a foundation of trap rock rises a plinth of coarse rubble one foot high and thirteen feet six inches square, and on this another plinth two feet high and thirteen feet square. Three stone steps ascend the double plinth to the fire temple which is of brick and mortar, nine feet square outside and seven inside, set back to within eighteen inches of the rear or western edge of the plinth. The walls are five feet six inches high and surmounted by a roof of about the same height and thickness forming a curvilinear pyramid. In the west side is a niche for the sacred lamp, in the east a door forty-three inches high and twenty-six wide, surmounted by a small cornice and flanked by two small bull's eye ventilators. [Mr. Sinclair, C. S., in Ind. Ant. VI. 144. Mr. B. B. Patel.] Near the railway station is a rest-house for Parsi travellers built in 1881.

History.

Under the forms Kaliyan, Kaliyán, Káliyan, Kalian, Kálian, Kalyán appears in nine Kanheri inscriptions which, from the form of the letters, have been attributed to the first, second and fifth or sixth centuries. Two of the inscriptions mention a Buddhist monastery called Ambalika in Kalyan. [See below, Kanheri. It seems possible that the Ambalika monastery was on or near the site of the present temple of Ambarnath.] According to the Periplus (247) Kalyan rose to importance about the end of the second century of the Christian era. [Vincent's translation (25) would fix the rise of Kalliana as a great place of trade in the reign immediately before the time of the Periplus: McCrindle (Periplus, 127) would place it a reign or two earlier, as the developer of Kalyan is said to be the elder Saraganes.] At the time of the Periplus it had again declined. Greek ships were not allowed to trade to Kalliena, and if by chance or stress of weather they entered the harbour, king Sandanes placed a guard on board and sent them to Broach.[McCrindle's Periplus, 127] In the sixth century Kosmas Indikopleustes (535) mentions Kalliana as one of the five chief marts of western India, the seat of a powerful king, with a great trade in brass, blackwood logs, and articles of clothing. It was also the seat of a Christian bishop who received ordinance from the Persians. [Topographia Christiana in Migne's Bibliotheca Cleri Universae, I. 170, 446, 447, 450. The following reasons seem to show that Kosmas' Kalliana was not in Malabar and was almost certainly the Konkan Kalyan. He says (p. 446-447), ' The more famous Indian emporiums are Sindu Sind, Orrhata probably Sorath in Kathiawar, Kalliana, Sibor perhaps Sopara, and Male Malabar.' He goes on, 'Malabar has five ports from which pepper is sent, Parti, Mangaruth, Salopatna, Nalopatna, and Pudapatna.' Again (p. 450) he speaks of five separate Indian kings who had elephants, the Kings of Orrhatae, Kallianorum, Sindu, Sibor, and Male. Further as regards trade, Ceylon deals with Male, with Kalliana, and with Sind and Persia, and the Malabar products are distinct from those received from Kalliana. Finally (170) Christians are samd in Ceylon, Male, Kalliana and Saltotra.] About a hundred years later (640) Kalyan has been identified with Hiwen Thsang's capital of Maharastra, which was touched on the west by a great river. [Cunningham's Anc. Geog. of India, I. 554. The capital is said to be about 30 li or five miles round. The land was rich and fertile and grain plentiful, the climate soft and temperate, the people simple and honest, fierce and passionate.. Julien's Hiwen Thsang, 416.] This identification is very doubtful. Kalyan had already been eclipsed by Thana, whose fame as a place of trade had in 637 brought on the Konkan the first Arab invasion. Thana only is mentioned by the Arab writers of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries. But this may have been because Thana was the port for foreign trade. Early in the fourteenth century (1312-1318), the Musalmans found Kalyan the head of a district and gave it the name of Islamabad. [Jervis' Konkan, 81. Orme (Historical Fragments, 216) holds that early in the fourteenth century Kalyan was probably the metropolis of Salsette, Bombay, Bassein, and all the country round.] No reference has been traced to Kalyan or Islamabad during the fifteenth century. It probably was nominally under the Bahmani kings, and, at the close of the century, came more directly under the new dynasty of Ahmadnagar. It was taken by the Portuguese in 1536. They did not garrison the town, but, returning in 1570, burnt the suburbs and carried off much booty. It is described as having a fine fort with a garrison of 1500 men.[ Nairne's Konkan, 45; De Couto, IX. 427; Da Cuhha's Bassein, 168. In 1550 Kalyan appears as one of the European ports that paid tribute to Gujarat. But this would seem not to imply any dependence on Gujarat. Bird's Mirat-i-Ahmadi, 129.] From this time it seems to have formed part of the Ahmadnagar kingdom and to have been the head-quarters of a province. In 1636 it was handed to Bijapur, and continued the head-quarters of a district stretching from Bhiwndi to Nagothna. In 1648 Shivaji's general Abaji Somadev surprised Kalyan and took the governor prisoner.[Grant Duff, 63-64.] The Moghals recovered it in 1660,[Nairne's Konkan, 63; Grant Duff, 86.] but again lost it apparently in 1662.[Grant Duff, 85.] In April 1675 Fryer found it ruined 'reeking in its ashes,' the people ' beggarly, kennelling in wretched huts.' Still there were signs of former importance. ' Its sumptuous relics and stately fabrics were the most glorious ruins the Musalmans in the Deccan had ever cause to deplore.' There were buildings of many stories faced with square stones and many mosques of cut stone, abating little of their ancient lustre, all watered with ponds and having about them costly tombs several of which Shivaji had turned into granaries. [Fryer's New Account, 124.] In 1674, under the treaty of Rairi or Raygad (June 6th), Shivaji granted the English leave to establish a factory at Kalyan. [Anderson's Western India, 166. In the same year it is mentioned (Orme's His. Frag. 44) under the name of Gallian as a ruined town where Moro Pandit quartered.] In 1728 it had a large Musalman population and several mosques, especially one on the edge of a lake. Among many ruined remains was a pretentious tomb of Mohatabar Khan dated 1694. [O Chron, de Tis. II. 52; Nairne's Konkan, 37.] In 1750 Tieffenthaler mentions it as a large and well peopled city, with 499 splendid villages and a revenue of £9425 (Rs. 94,250). It was one long street filled with merchants, the houses reed-walled and covered with thatch. [Des. His. et Geog. I. 484, 505.] In May 1780, as the Marathas had cut off supplies, the Bombay Government determined to occupy the Konkan opposite Thana as far as the Sahyadri hills. Kalyan was seized and placed in charge of Captain Richard Campbell. Nana Fadnavis sent a strong force to recover the place, which, advancing to Kalyan, threatened, if resistance was offered, to destroy the garrison, and caused a European prisoner, Ensign Fyfe, to write to the commanding officer demanding a surrender. Campbell replied that they were welcome to the town if they could take it. After a most spirited defence, on May 25th the day fixed for a general assault, the garrison was relieved by Colonel Hartley, who surprised the Maratha camp, and, with great slaughter, pursued the fugitives for miles. [Grant Duff, 434.] In 1781 a resident was appointed.[Kalyan Diaries in Nairne's Konkan, 103] In 1810 (26th May) Kalyan was visited by Sir James Mackintosh and a party from Bombay. They walked through the streets, almost killed by the sun, without finding any compensation for their fatigue. They sat down to their tiffin on a little green in the town and drank three or four toasts in cocoanut shells. All agreed that Dr. Fryer, whose glorious ruins and stately fabrics had tempted them to Kalyan, ought to have been hanged. [Mackintosh's Life, II. 19. Details of some early apparently Buddhist remains lately (April 27, 1882,) found near Kalyan are given in Appendix A.]